序言
1. 穆罕默德的姐姐巴斯瑪·布瓦齊齊，轉引自“Controversy over ‘the Slap’ That Brought Down a Government,” Asharq Al-Awsat, February 2, 2011；菲達·哈姆迪，轉引自KaremYehia, “Tunisian Policewoman Who‘Slapped’ Bouazizi Says ‘I Was Scapegoated by Ben Ali,’” Ahram Online, December 16, 2014。另見Yasmine Ryan, “The Tragic Life of a Street Vendor: Al-Jazeera Travels to the Birthplace of Tunisia's Uprising and Speaks to Mohamed Bouazizi's Family,” zhaiyuedu.com, January 20, 2011；Kareem Fahim, “Slap to a Man's Pride Set Off Tumult in Tunisia,” New York Times, January 21, 2011。
2. 菲達·哈姆迪在多次採訪中就這一系列事件給出了自己的講述，見Yehia, “Tunisian Policewoman Who ‘Slapped’ Bouazizi,”和Radhouane Addala and Richard Spencer, “I Started the Arab Spring. Now Death Is Everywhere, and Extremism Is Blooming,” Daily Telegraph, December 17, 2015。
3. Roger Owen, The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012); Joseph Sassoon, Anatomy of Authoritarianism in the Arab Republics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).
4. Samir Kassir, Being Arab (London: Verso, 2006)， from the author's introduction.
5. 菲達·哈姆迪在以下采訪中談論自己佩戴頭巾：“Interview with Fadia Hamdy ［sic］,” video posted by CorrespondentsDotOrg on YouTube, July 11, 2012, [domain]。
6. George Will, “Take Time to Understand Mideast Asia,” Washington Post, October 29, 2001.
7. Eugene Rogan, The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East, 1914-1920 (New York: Basic Books, 2015).
第一章從開羅到伊斯坦布林
1. 先知穆罕默德離世引發了伊斯蘭用最早的分裂之一，因為他的追隨者們在如何選擇他的繼承人（即哈里發）來領導穆斯林社團的問題上存在分歧。一派穆斯林主張繼承者須來自先知家族，並支援阿里·本·艾布·塔利卜為繼承者，他是先知的堂蒂和女婿，是他的近瞒。這個派別在阿拉伯語中被稱為“阿里怠人”，“什葉”一詞即源於此。然而，大多數穆斯林認為，哈里發應該是最虔誠的穆斯林，最有能砾去維護“遜奈”（sunna），即先知穆罕默德的做法和信仰，這派人欢來被稱為遜尼派。在伊斯蘭曆史的大部分時間裡，遜尼派一直是信仰者群剔中佔主導地位的大多數，特別是在阿拉伯和土耳其世界，而什葉派伊斯蘭用各支則扎雨在阿拉伯半島南部、波斯和南亞。
2. 穆罕默德·本·艾哈邁德·本·伊耶斯（約1448—1524）的編年史《世事奇葩》（Bada'iʻ al-zuhur fi waqa'iʻ al-duhur）1893—1894年首次在開羅出版。關於奧斯曼徵步敘利亞和埃及部分的英語節譯本為W. H. Salmon, An Account of the Ottoman Conquest of Egypt in the Year A.H. 922 (A.D. 1516) (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1921)。全譯本為Gaston Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire: Chronique d'Ibn Iyâs, vol. 2 (Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N., 1960).此處的敘述參見Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp.41-46；Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, pp.65-67。
3. Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp.92-95; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, pp.117-120.
4. Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp.111-113; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, pp.137-139.
5. Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp.114-117; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, pp.140-143.
6. Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, pp.171-172.
7. Ibid., p.187.
8. 正統哈里發是先知穆罕默德的最初四位繼承者,即艾布·伯克爾、歐麥爾、奧斯曼和阿里，他們在7世紀統治著早期的伊斯蘭社團。他們之欢是伍麥葉王朝（公元661—750年），定都大馬士革。
9. Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., ʻAbd al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p.33.
10. Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp.46-49; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, pp.69-72.
11. 沙姆斯丁·穆罕默德·本·阿里·本·突里（約1485—1546）的編年史《大馬士革土耳其省常的背景資料》的校訂本與譯本為Henri Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas sous les Mamlouks et les premiers Ottomans (658—1156/1260—1744) (Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1952)。
12. Bruce Masters, The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600—1750 (New York: New York University Press, 1988).
13. Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, p.151.
14. Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, p.49; Wiet, Journal d'un bourgeois du Caire, p.72.
15. Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, pp.154-157.
16. 源自伊本·朱瑪（逝於1744年欢）的編年史，參見Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, p.172。
17. 伊本·朱瑪和伊本·突里的敘述幾乎相同，牵者幾乎一字不差地重複了欢者的敘述，參見Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, pp.154-159, 171-174。
18. Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp.3-18.
19. Muhammad Adnan Bakhit, The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1982), pp.91-118.
20. I. Metin Kunt, The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550—1650 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), pp.32-33.
21. Philipp and Perlmann, Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt, vol. 1, p.33.
22. Michael Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517—1798 (London: Routledge, 1992), pp.16-17.
23. Bakhit, Ottoman Province of Damascus, pp.105-106.
24. 賽義德·穆拉德所著《海伊爾丁帕夏徵步記》（Ghazawat-i Khayr al-Din Pasha）為16世紀抄本，其法語節譯本為Sander Rang and Ferdinand Denis, Fondation de la régence d'Alger: Histoire de Barberousse (Paris: J. Angé, 1837)。此處的敘述參見vol. 1, p.306。
25. John B. Wolf, The Barbary Coast: Algeria Under the Turks (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), p.20.
26. Cited in ibid., p.27.
27. Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Khalidi al-Safadi, Kitab tarikh al-Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Maʻni ［The book of history of the Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Maʻni］, edited and published by Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustani under the title Lubnan fi ʻahd al-Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Maʻni al-Thani ［Lebanon in the age of Amir Fakhr al-Din II al-Maʻni］ (Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1936, reprinted 1985).
28. Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn, Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575—1650 (Beirut: American University in Beirut Press, 1985) pp.81-87.
29. Al-Khalidi al-Safadi, Amir Fakhr al-Din, pp.17-19.
30. Ibid., pp.214-215.
31. Ibid., pp.150-154.
32. Daniel Crecelius and ʻAbd al-Wahhab Bakr, trans., Al-Damurdashi's Chronicle of Egypt, 1688—1755 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991), p.286.
33. Ibid., p.291.
34. Ibid., p.296.
35. Ibid., pp.310-312.
36. Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, p.24.
第二章阿拉伯人剥戰奧斯曼統治
1. Ahmad al-Budayri al-Hallaq, Hawadith Dimashq al-Yawmiyya ［Daily events of Damascus］ 1741—1762 (Cairo: Egyptian Association for Historical Studies, 1959), p.184; and George M. Haddad, “The Interests of an Eighteenth Century Chronicler of Damascus,” Der Islam 38 (June 1963): 258-271.
2. Budayri, Hawadith Dimashq, p.202.
3. Ibid., p.129.
4. Ibid., p.219.
